Complications of Foam Sclerotherapy for Varicose Veins
Serious foam sclerotherapy complications are rare. The majority of adverse effects encountered are typically mild, transient, and self-limiting, resolving with time and simple supportive measures. Foam treatment avoids the use of heat and large volumes of local anaesthetic, making it particularly useful for smaller or recurrent veins. While the initial cosmetic results are excellent in most patients, larger varicose veins often respond better to endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) or radiofrequency ablation (RFA). For this reason, foam is usually offered as an adjunct treatment or as a first‑line option in carefully selected cases.
Guidance from NICE
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) has evaluated whether foam sclerotherapy is dangerous, and confirmed that it is safe and effective when performed by trained specialists. We audit every treatment and review all our results in multidisciplinary meetings. The findings are used to continually improve our outcomes.
Read the NICE guidance.
Is Foam Sclerotherapy Dangerous?
Common Foam Sclerotherapy Complications
Superficial Phlebitis:
Phlebitis presents as localised tenderness, redness, and inflammation along the treated vein segment. It is a common inflammatory response to the sclerosant and usually subsides within a few days to weeks.
Matting:
The appearance of fine, delicate spider veins (telangiectasias) in the immediate vicinity of the treated area is termed matting. While often temporary, it can sometimes require additional, superficial sclerotherapy treatments.
Skin Discolouration (Hyperpigmentation):
Brownish staining of the skin along the course of the treated vein is a relatively common occurrence, affecting approximately 25% of patients. This hyperpigmentation is usually due to hemosiderin deposition (iron from extravasated red blood cells). In most cases, it gradually fades over a period of 6 to 12 months, although in a small subset of patients, it may persist for a longer duration or, rarely, become permanent.
Bruising and Small Haematomas:
These can occur at the injection sites and are temporary, resolving naturally as the body reabsorbs the extravasated blood.
Serious Foam Sclerotherapy Complications
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and Pulmonary Embolism (PE):
These are extremely uncommon but potentially serious complications involving the formation of blood clots in deep veins. It is important to walk as soon as possible after your procedure and maintain this for at least the next 2 weeks.
Transient Neurological Disturbances:
A small number of patients may experience brief and temporary shimmering visual disturbances, headaches, transient ischaemic attack-like symptoms (e.g., tingling, numbness), or a self-limiting cough immediately following the injection. These symptoms are typically short-lived, resolving spontaneously within minutes to hours, and are thought to be related to the temporary passage of sclerosant microbubbles into the systemic circulation.
Allergic Reactions from Foam Sclerotherapy:
Allergic reactions to foam are exceedingly rare but represent a serious medical emergency. Large-scale reviews from leading vascular health organisations have compared hospital versus private pop-up clinic care for varicose vein surgery. Results reveal that varicose vein treatments in hospitals have fewer complications, higher success rates, and faster recoveries.
Post-Procedure Expectations and Warning Signs:
Patients should anticipate mild aching, a sensation of tightness, or the formation of small, palpable lumps along the treated vein segments as part of the normal healing process. These symptoms typically indicate successful treatment and venous closure.
Patients should expect mild aching, tightness, or small lumps along treated veins as part of normal healing. You should contact us promptly if you develop increasing calf pain or swelling, chest pain, shortness of breath, new neurological symptoms, or worsening redness and fever.
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